What effects did the Catholic Church have on the world during the Research Paper

What effects did the Catholic Church have on the world during the renaissance - Research Paper Example This is the period which is considered as one of the most important periods during the history of modern Europe. Though the overall benefits of this were not uniformly spread over the whole Europe, however, it started a period which brought important changes that shaped the modern history of Europe. During this era, Christian religion also went through significant changes, and many new sects emerged during this period. This time is also considered as the period of reformations and change: the world witnessed significant changes in the way Christianity evolved during this period. It was also during this era that mass publication of the Bible started to take place due to the invention of a paper machine. Thus, during this era the religion went through drastic changes, and the impact of these changes was enormous not only upon Europe, but on the other parts of the world, too. The reformation process was considered so strong that it almost split the Christianity. The overall influence of the Church during this era started to decline, and the society’s values and needs were changed significantly. This era actually initiated a debate to re-evaluate and re-examine some of the old values and revive them in the society to make them more useful. Therefore, this paper will discuss the effects Catholic Church had on the world during the Renaissance period. Catholic Church and Renaissance The Renaissance was a period of transformation, and it was also during this period that the overall influence of the Catholic

Same Sex Marriage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Same Sex Marriage - Essay Example In some countries like Netherlands, Denmark and so on, same-sex unions are now legally acceptable. Urgent debates have now arisen between the homosexual community supported by the pro-gay rights activists who argue for the rights of same-sex citizens to be married just the same as heterosexual marriages; and the religious, social, moral and political authorities who do not support same-sex marriages. The legalization of same-sex marriages is thus an issue of common and urgent concern, and all voices must be heard before making a legal judgment in this situation. In the present situation of homosexual promiscuity especially in the gay community, and the looming threat of AIDS, same sex marriage may just be the solution. It would promote monogamy, thus reigning in the danger of fatal diseases, as well as setting up an ideal for the community where two people publicly vow their life-long commitment to each other. This will also give both gay and lesbian communities a sense of being accepted. A large number of these individuals whether from gay or lesbian communities have made significant contributions to society and enforcing their right to marry would give them the freedom to live respectable lives as married couples in mainstream society. Furthermore, it would no longer be necessary for those with homosexual preferences to enter heterosexual marriages which end up in the divorce court or lead to a lifetime of frustrated conjugal life. Homosexual marriages would be just as socially acceptable, and would contribute to fewer break-ups in hetero sexual relationships due to forced or involuntary participation. But same sex marriages may be too dramatic a departure from tradition for most people where dictionaries, encyclopedias and law books all define marriage necessarily as the union of a man and a woman. The very idea of two men in suits or two women in wedding gowns on the wedding aisle may form a disconcerting picture, which a civil ceremony can only marginally mitigate. Most people consider marriage between a man and a woman to be the crucial and the most basic building unit of society, and when this changes to marriages between the same sex, it becomes an unfamiliar, bewildering territory where the threat of complete social disintegration looms large. In common perception, one of the main reasons two people get married is also for procreation, for the provision of a nurturing environment for future progeny, which would form the next generation. Homosexual couples cannot have their own children, because nature ordained the mating of the male and the female to create a new life, and t hus a fruitless union of the same sex may seem somewhat unnatural, and against the continued survival of our species. On the other hand, it may be argued that in our modern age there are various methods a same-sex married couple can use to have children, starting from adoption to artificial insemination, so this should not be an issue against same-sex marriages at all. If fertility were the basic condition for matrimony, a lot of older couples beyond the childbearing age or infertile people would have been denied the right to marry, and this is not so. More importantly, a same-sex marriage actually gives respectable status to the adopted child or artificially inseminated child, because it gives them a stable family life where both the caregivers are in a committed, caring relationship. Legalization of same-sex marriages

Proteins from Mammalian Cells Extraction

Proteins from Mammalian Cells Extraction Introduction: The aim of this practical was to generate protein material from Caco-2 cells and measuring the amount collected by using a bicinchinonic assay (BCA assay). The Caco-2 cell line is widely used in laboratories since it has very similar morphologic characteristics to normal enterocytes. This provides the cells with similar functions such as transport of nutrients and enterocytic differentiation when cultured in a monolayer in vitro. Therefore, Caco-2 cells have been shown to be a suitable model system to investigate the structure and function of the small intestinal epithelium (Ismael J. HIDALGO). By breaking up these cells, the collected components can be analysed in further experiments. This is usually done by using a detergent based solution to lyse the cell but other methods can also be used such as electrical lysis. Once this process has undergone, a homogenous extract of the broken-down cell is obtained and various techniques can be performed to analyse the components. The first use of the broken-down cell material in this practical was in a BCA assay to help measure the amount of protein yielded from the extraction step. The BCA technique is very commonly used in laboratories to measure the total protein concentration of a sample by comparing it to a protein standard. This method is popular because it can not only accurately determine the protein concentration of most sample types, but can also have various other applications such as measuring column fractions after performing an affinity chromatography or studying protein to protein interactions. The method measures the concentration of protein by analysing the reduction of Cu2+ to Cu1+ in an alkaline environment (known as the biuret reaction) combined with the colorimetric detection of Cu1+ by the bicinchoninic acid. This produces a signal that can be read by a spectrophotometer. The results can then be analysed to determine the concentration of the protein sample (Measure of protein using bca, PK SMITH RI KROHN). Protein extraction Materials Pipettes and tips Deionized water NaCl Trizma base lot#SLBH1724V (sigma) opened on 13/12/2013 Triton-x-100 lot#48H0208 (sigma) Sodium dodecyl sulphate Protease inhibitor Caco-2 cell culture plate (2 wells) Cell scraper Centrifuge tube 3x 1,5mL, 1x 50mL Plate reader Method Firstly, a buffer was prepared by adding 0.174g of NaCl with 0.303g of Tris to a 50mL plastic tube. 2,5mL of triton-x-100 and 0,5mL of Sodium dodecyl sulphate were then added to the tube. Water was finally added to create a final volume of 25mL. The buffer pH was then measured using a standard pH meter. Hydrogen ions were slowly added combined with a continuous monitoring of the pH change to obtain a final pH of 8,6. Buffer calculations: NaCL (Mr=58) 120mM needed => (58g/M)x(0.12M) =6.96g 6.96g/40=0.174g for 25mL Tris (Mr=121) 100mM needed => (121g/M)x(0.1M) =12.1g 12.1g/40=0.3025g for 25mL Triton-x-100 1% needed from 10% stock solution => 25mL/100 (to get to 1%) =0.25mL 0.2510 (10% stock solution) =2.5mL Sodium dodecyl sulphate 0.2% needed from 10% stock solution => 25mL/500 (to get to 0.2%) =0.05mL 0.05mlx10 (10%stock solution) =0.5mL Next, 1mL of protease inhibitor solution was prepared by adding 10 µl of protease inhibitor to 1mL of the buffer prepared earlier in a 1.5mL Eppendorf tube. The tube was then placed on ice. The next step was the addition of 200 µl of protease inhibitor buffer each to 2 wells of the caco-2 cells followed by vigorous scraping at the bottom of the well using a cell scraper. The cell suspension was then removed and placed into a microfuge tube and placed on ice. The tube containing the cell suspension was left to incubate on ice for 30 minutes receiving a resuspension by inverting the tube every 10 minutes. The tube was then centrifuged at 13000 rpm for 5 minutes.   After noticing that the sample needed more centrifugation, the tube was centrifuged for another 3 minutes at 13000rpm. The supernatant was then collected into a fresh tube. BCA assay Materials Pipettes 1x 96 well plate Bovine serum albumin (BSA) 2mg/mL Deionized water BCA reagents A and B Ependorf tubes Extracted protein Method Firstly, 6 standards were prepared by diluting Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) (2mg/mL) with water as followed: Table 1. Preparation of standards volumes Concentration (mg/mL) BSA (mL) Water (mL) 0 0 100 0.25 12.5 85.5 0.5 25 75 1 50 50 1.5 75 25 2 100 0 25  µl of each standard was loaded on the 96 well plate in duplicate as shown below. 5 µl of cell extract mixed with 20 µl of water to create a 1/5 dilution of the extracted protein was then loaded in 3 separate wells. Also, 2.5 µl of cell extract mixed with 22.5 µl of water to create a 1/10 dilution of the extracted protein was also added to three separate wells of the plate. Table 2. 96 well plate distribution 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 A 0 0 Sample 1 (1/5) Sample 1 (1/5) Sample 1 (1/5) B 0.25 0.25 Sample 2 (1/10) Sample 2 (1/10) Sample 2 (1/10) C 0.5 0.5 D 1 1 E 1.5 1.5 F 2 2 G H The next step was to prepare a working reagent which was made by mixing 5mL of BCA reagent A with 100 µl of BCA reagent B. 200 µl of this BCA reagent was added to all the wells containing standards and samples. And the plate was then incubated at room temperature for 30 minutes. Finally, the plate was read at 540nm on a plate reader. The remaining cell extract was stored at -20C for further experiments. Results After cell extraction and the BSA assay, the sample absorbance results from the plate were as followed: Standards: Table 3. Standards absorbance Standards (mg/ml) 0.000 0.250 0.500 1.000 1.500 2.000 Absorbance Date: 23/01/2017 0.077 0.338 0.495 0.828 1.083 1.438 Date: 23/01/2017 0.083 0.348 0.500 0.799 1.056 1.469 Mean 0.080 0.343 0.498 0.814 1.070 1.454 Standard deviation (n=2) 0.004 0.007 0.004 0.021 0.019 0.022 CV % (n=2) 5.303 2.062 0.711 2.521 1.785 1.508 Table 4. Standards mean absorbance recapitulative Standards Concentration Mean Abs 1 0 0.08 2 0.25 0.343 3 0.5 0.498 4 1 0.814 5 1.5 1.07 6 2 1.454 Using these results, a standard curve was plotted (Figure2.). Figure 1. Standard Curve (Absorbance over concentration) Samples: Table 5. Samples absorbance results and mean Absorbance Results Sample 1 (1/5) (n=3) Sample 2 (1/10) (n=3) 0.529 0.319 0.539 0.332 0.536 0.368 Mean 0.535 0.340 By extrapolating the known absorbances obtained from the samples on the standard curve, a final absorption can be calculated. Note that the dilution factor is considered to create an end concentration and the mean of both samples was calculated to finalise the measurement of extracted protein (Table 6.). Table 6. Final extracted protein concentration Sample 1(1/5) sample 2 (1/10) End concentration (mg/ml) absorbance 0.535 0.34 Sample 1 sample 2 mg/ml Concentration (mg/mL) 0.609 0.312 3.04 3.12 Mean 3.08 Total error (n=2) 0.057 CV % (n=2) 1.837 Finally, after the extraction of the protein from the caco-2 cells and the BCA assay we can affirm that the amount of protein yielded had a concentration of 3.08 mg/ml. Discussion This practical shows the essential mechanisms involved in breaking down a cell to analyse its material. This is firstly done by lysing the cell to release its contents. The most common method in doing so is by using a detergent-based solution such as sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS). Sodium dodecyl sulphate is used in many methods such as in gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE see practical 2) or nucleic acid extraction. The structure of SDS gives it an amphiphilic property, meaning it is both hydrophilic and lipophilic, both essential properties to be used as a detergent. It works by disrupting non-covalent bonds of proteins which produces dissociation of protein complexes. This results in the solubilisation of cell membrane proteins for example. There are different types of detergents, some can be denaturing reagents such as SDS, and others can be non-denaturing. The other detergent used in this practical is Triton X-100 which is a non-denaturing, non-ionic detergent. This detergent contrib utes to maintaining the protein structures to a minimum (size and charge) (thermos fischer SDS). Another important step in the extraction of cell material is the centrifugation of the cell suspension following cell lysis. The centrifugation step is used to separate the components of a homogenate, in this case, the cell suspension. The extract is rotated at high speeds, creating a separation of the components by size and density. The larger the component, the greater centrifugal force will be applied, hence they will move the most rapidly. By altering the speed of centrifugation, different components can be isolated. Using this technique, we can collect the components by forming a pellet. If the pellet is impure, as it was during the experiment, repeated centrifugation may improve its quality (fractioning of cells, molecular biology of the cell 4th edition). After successfully obtaining the cell extract and performing the BCA assay, a standard curve can be plotted. But how accurate and precise is this curve? This depends on the quality of the results from the BCA assay standards. In other words, the precision of these. The precision of the standards was determined by testing two replicates on the plate. And was expressed as a coefficient of variation percentage (CV% where CV=standard deviation (SD)/mean) (Desvignes). Figure 2. Comparison of the coefficient of variations of the standard duplicates As shown above, the CV% for all standards were very low (usually acceptable below 20%). This means that the precision of the results was good and that the standard curve is precise(Desilva)(EMEA). In this experiment, the cell line that was used were Caco-2 cells derived from a tumour of the human gut epithelium and are a model of enterocytes. (The human intestinal epithelial cell line Caco-2; pharmacological and pharmacokinetic applications) A monolayer of caco-2 cells exhibit very similar characteristics to the cells found in the small intestine due to its morphology. For example, they express microvillus hydrolases and nutrient transporters commonly found in the small-intestine. This makes them very useful in mimicking the gut in a laboratory setting. Conclusion         Ã‚   By using a detergent based solution, it is possible to break up cells to collect their material for further analysis. The quantification of the material can be achieved by performing a BCA assay which involves various techniques such as centrifugation followed by plotting a standard curve using standards prepared. This material can then be used in further experiments to analyse their components. In this experiment, the Caco-2 cell line was used, this cell line was derived from a tumour of the human gut epithelium and share various similarities with the cells commonly found in the small intestine.

In Search Of Excellence: Review :: essays research papers

In Search of Excellence is a book dealing with many different principles of economics and what makes big business' excellent. The first idea that Peters discusses is his chart of the McKinsey 7-S Framework. The graph is very simple but the ideas are fairly complex. In their research, they found that their philosophies were too hard to explain and easily forgettable. They made this Framework to deal with strategy, structure, style, systems, staff (people), skills, and shared values (culture). This has 7 S's (easy to remember) and a graphical representation to visualize. This shows the businessman that the intractable, irrational, intuitive, and informal organization can be managed. For example, anyone assuming that a new manager of a Taco Bell will perform exactly as the old manager did is ridiculous. The organization of workers must adjust and adapt to the new manager's way of business. Another more main topic of the novel is the Eight Basic Principles. Their research had shown that the excellent companies had been based on the basics. The companies had to try to keep things simple. Sometimes, to a big business, it might seem logical that business should be run more complex the larger it is. From their research, this is usually not true. The first pricnciple is a bias for action. This is basically saying "Stop talking and do something about it." When Taco Bell has a rush of customers and their supplies for making food are low, they (usually) don't say "You know what, I have no more cheese" or "Could someone get me some more cheese?" They take action and get the cheese, make it if necessary, and get the problem solved as quickly as possible. The second Principle they deal with is to be close to the customer. This means good service and listening to what the customer has to say. If the producer, Taco Bell, is not in touch with what the customer wants to eat, then the business will most likely fail. Although it also refers to customer satisfaction; quality food made right and curteous service: "Have a nice day and enjoy your meal!" The third principle is autonomy and entrepreneurship. This is the innovation principle. 3M is known for innovation and they welcome the changing and rearranging of old and new products. For example, my dad took 3M's basic arthroscopy pump and redesigned it into an in flow-out flow cannula. This innovation on his part temporarilly set 3M back on its feet in that product line. The fourth basic principle is productivity through people. This deals with the indivdual as the best means for efficiency improvement rather

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Pressure switch |[pic][pi| |c] | A pressure responsive switch senses a change in pressure and responds to such changes by alternately making and breaking an electrical connection. Pressure-sensitive switches are used in a variety of applications where it is desired to switch apparatus on or off at predetermined pressures. These switches are utilized in a wide variety of applications, as in automobiles [pic] , aircrafts and in various other environments. Pressure switches include set-point pressure switches that actuate when a specified pressure is reached and pressure measuring switches that are capable of measuring the ambient pressure and reacting accordingly. A pressure responsive switch generally comprises a diaphragm responsive to a pressure change, a rigid ring for securing the diaphragm, and a pair of electrically conductive contacts that break contact based on movement of the diaphragm. Mechanical pressure switches typically provide an output signal in the form of a switch closure in response to application of mechanical or atmospheric pressure. A differential pressure switch [pic] is a device which utilizes differential fluid pressure from low and high pressure sources to actuate an electric switch at a pre-set actuation point. Differential pressure switches are commonly employed to control the operation of snap action switches. Flow switch |[pic][pi| |c] | A flow switch is used to sense the flow of a fluid passing through its valve body and to send an electrical control signal to control the switching unit. In many applications, it is essential to be able to determine whether fluid is flowing in a pipeline, duct or other conduit and to respond accordingly to such a determination. For example, flow responsive devices for producing a control signal which is used to de-energize a pump when the flow rate falls below a preselected minimum are commonly employed in systems for transferring fluid between reservoirs. Fluid flow switch sensing devices have been developed for monitoring fluid flow in pipelines, ducts, and other conduits. A flow switch produces an electrical signal which is commensurate with a preselected rate of flow of a fluid in a conduit. Various flow switches have been developed to be responsive to the flow rate of a fluid within a flow line. Usually the flow switch is connected into the flow line so that the flow path of the fluid passes through the flow switch. Several such devices rely on the pivotal movement of a rod supported blade which is deflected depending on the amount of fluid flow. Limit switch |[pic][pi| c] | Switches are commonly employed as input devices to indicate the presence or absence of a particular condition in a system or process that is being monitored and/or controlled. In motorized electromechanical systems, limit switches provide the function of making and breaking electrical contacts and consequently electrical circuits. A limit switch is configured to detect when a system's element has moved to a certain position. A system operation is triggered when a limit switch is tripped. Limit switches are widely used in various industrial applications, and they can detect a limit of movement of an article and passage of an article by displacement of an actuating part such as a pivotally supported arm or a linear plunger. The limit switches are designed to control the movement of a mechanical part. Limit switches are typically utilized in industrial control applications to automatically monitor and indicate whether the travel limits of a particular device have been exceeded. Level switch |[pic][pi| |c] | Various instruments have found use for applications requiring level sensing. Such instruments include float level switches, ultrasonic level switches and capacitance point level switches. Various devices have been proposed for indicating when liquid or other fluent material in a container or channel reaches a particular level. Liquid level sensors are used in a wide variety of applications to detect the levels of fluids within various forms of reservoirs. For example, such sensors are employed in the automotive industry to sense the level of oil in an oil pan or sump, or the level of transmission fluid. Liquid level sensors contain switches to indicate whether a sensed liquid is above or below a predetermined level. Switches responsive to fluid levels have utilized a variety of approaches for opening and closing an electrical circuit. Fluid level switch devices usually incorporate a float buoy for sensing the fluid level, the float buoy being operatively connected to a switch device. Temperature switch |[pic][pi| |c] | A temperature switch is a switch that is responsive to temperature changes. Temperature switches generally are provided with a temperature responsive element which will open or close a switch when a predetermined minimum pressure or temperature is sensed by the responsive element. For protection against thermal overload, semiconductor switches are provided with integrated temperature sensors. The temperature sensors acquire the temperature of the power switch and convert this into a temperature-dependent, analog signal which then can be interpreted in a circuit. Temperature sensitive switches, such as a thermostat, typically comprise a temperature sensor which is used to open or close electrical contacts at specified temperatures. A bimetal strip of dissimilar metals is used as the sensing element for temperature sensitive switches. Temperature sensitive switches are often used for thermal protection purposes. If a device gets too hot, the temperature sensitive switch opens the electrical circuit, thereby eliminating power to the circuit. For example, temperature responsive tip-switches are particularly useful in connection with electric heaters.

Conflict and Reconciliation Essay

A state primarily consists of three vital things, without which a state would no longer be called a state. These three things namely – people, territory and government. The three of them are dependent and interdependent on each other. It is difficult to have them separated and be considered as the sole cause of a problem. The territory is not in our hands, this is the land that we got after independence. The government is what runs the country, but, there is nothing that we, citizens can do. All we get to do is elect a representative party of the government every four years. And lastly, we have the people of the country. This is yet another vital component of a state. Without this, a state would be a deserted piece of land. (Muller, 2005) There have been instances where the so-called people of the land are not one. In fact, there have been conflicts between the people. Well, there are a lot of conflicts. But it is never the conflict that is harmful, it is never the clash of ideas that breaks the country, but the behavior of the conflict is what drives people away from being one. Once there is a rift between them, there is no going back. It is difficult to bring the people out from their then built in schemas. After a conflict which has taken out peace form one sect of the country, it is difficult to have them stop stereotyping the other one. There is a key word that I have used in the previous sentence. The word sect caught my attention as soon as I was done writing the sentence. I ask myself, is our country divided into sects? Is that what is causing the conflict? Is it the cause of the rifts that take place every day? Is it the cause of the grudges built in people? Is this what makes them stereotype others that are not in their sect? Well, after hours of pondering, I say yes. This is why we are not one. This is exactly why we can not have a civil discussion among people of different sects without having any clash of ideas. The division of sects in the country is the very reason of as to why we give the term â€Å"Many Americas† to this country. Let’s consider a couple of examples that might invoke us and might bring us to a conclusion that the division of people into sects is not the only cause of the so-called â€Å"Many Americas†. There is no doubt that we have different communities in this country. Well, every nation does, it is not like our nation is different from the rest. It is just that we do not have to over look the priorities and the benefits of the sects that are small in number. It is human nature to consider the things that are obvious and are right in front of us. Although it is not right not to consider the sects that are in minority. Lets take an example of the people contemporarily living in the country. We have a lot of Indians present, some are working, some are studying and some are living as illegal immigrants. In fact a lot of them are living as illegal immigrants. Definitely, the clash of ideas and compromise has to be there. Without compromise, the clash of ideas between them, will grow and will soon develop into huge unsolved rifts. This is just one trivial example. Just to mention that I am not considering the illegal immigrants, who are staying in the country because they want to and not because they can stay? Their story is pretty different. If they can not be hired for any job because they do not hold a passport or a green card or hold a long expired visa – well, they are to blame. There are different cultures, different religions, different races, cultures, beliefs, doctrines, creed, color. There is so much that has been separating us. This is what people usually say. I do not second their notion. It is highly incorrect for them to say that if some one is in the minority, they do not belong to this nation. If some one has a different skin color than me, they are just different. Well, I say such people are nothing but shallow. There is not much that we can do to make them turn around and understand that although there are people of different doctrines living in the same piece of land as us, but they are still Americans, they are still a part of us. Just telling them that they are wrong is not going to change any thing. The schemas that people develop and stick to the fore front of the minds of the people, do not just develop in a day. It takes a lot of years to develop them and it takes just seconds to make them even worst. By this I mean that it is difficult to drive the schemas out, however, it is not difficult to build upon them. It is easier said than done. Many Americas is not many, its just one. It’s a matter of perception. Let’s take a trivial yet crucial example of the positive instances never being counted or accounted for. I was with my friends at the beach. The Indians at school are known for stealing trinkets from the kids at school. My friend’s watch got stolen from our spot. We were all worried and the first thing that she did was point â€Å"I† for stealing it. Lets take â€Å"I† as the Indian girl who was blamed. Just because she was around our spot at the beach does not necessarily mean that she stole it. Well, she was embarrassed and humiliated in front of all the kids there. It was a school trip so all the kids from school were there. Her entire bag was toppled; all the things inside it were forcibly thrown out of it. I tried to stop my friend but, she would just not let it go; it was an expensive watch. Well, at the end we found out that some one’s dog took it. But the point of the entire story is that she did not do it. Even after the incident, they all still blamed the Indians for taking away things ever time something got lost. It is not a matter to be proud of. We are all one. We are all one nation. It is ok to share the same piece of land with some one who is a little different from us. Although this was just one example, there are many others that I will be mentioning about in the final paper. The entire point of this rough draft is that no matter how different one may be, we are all living and sharing the same piece of land. The belief that this is my land more that it is yours just because there are more people like me on this land than you; this idea is to be driven out of our heads as soon as we can before matters worsen. There is not much that we can do to make them forget the existing schemas and understand that although there are people of different doctrines and beliefs, living in the same piece of land we are, but they are still Americans, just like us and they are still a part of us. We all together make this nation. It is not just one sect or two, it is many Americas that make this beautiful, peaceful country, our country. And just telling those people that they are wrong is not going to change any thing. The schemas that people develop and stick to the fore front of the minds of the people, do not just develop in a day. It takes a lot of years to develop them and it takes just seconds to make them even worst. By this I mean that it is difficult to drive the schemas out, however, it is not difficult to build upon them. Hence, we are altogether one nation no matter how many creeds and sects our nation has. Reference: David J. Whittaker, Conflict and Reconciliation in the Contemporary World Gilbert H. Muller, Many Americas Reading and Writing across the Cultural Divides